{"id":95,"date":"2026-04-05T23:02:24","date_gmt":"2026-04-05T23:02:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/myth-buster-uml-class-diagrams-fact-fiction\/"},"modified":"2026-04-05T23:02:24","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T23:02:24","slug":"myth-buster-uml-class-diagrams-fact-fiction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/myth-buster-uml-class-diagrams-fact-fiction\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00f3c T\u00e1ch Th\u1ea7n Tho\u1ea1i: Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt V\u1edbi Nh\u1eefng L\u1ea7m T\u01b0\u1edfng V\u1ec1 S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 L\u1edbp UML"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c quan. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (UML) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1ecb b\u1ecf d\u1edf. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. \ud83e\uddd0<\/p>\n

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\"Line<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Hi\u1ec3u V\u1ec1 C\u01a1 S\u1edf: S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 L\u1edbp L\u00e0 G\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi theo th\u1eddi gian, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? \ud83e\udd14<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xem nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 sinh m\u00e3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc (forward engineering) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m \u1edf giao ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng logic n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • L\u1edbp:<\/strong> B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
  • Thao t\u00e1c:<\/strong> C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n
  • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83d\udeab Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i 1: Ch\u00fang Ch\u1ec9 L\u00e0 Khung M\u00e3<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 sinh m\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y b\u1ecf qua gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng; s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ghi l\u1ea1i \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u00e3. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu giao di\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. \ud83d\udd27<\/p>\n

    H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho ph\u00e9p tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u01b0. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u logic kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai. M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n qu\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t. D\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec khi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tinh ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udeab Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i 2: B\u1ea1n Ph\u1ea3i V\u1ebd T\u1ea5t C\u1ea3 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Khi Vi\u1ebft M\u00e3<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u (BDUF). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd t\u1eebng l\u1edbp ri\u00eang l\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n linh ho\u1ea1t. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1eb1m \u1edf thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean. \ud83d\udd04<\/p>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u00e1c l\u1edbp:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:<\/strong> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp mi\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p cao.<\/li>\n
    • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong> C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chi ti\u1ebft, bao g\u1ed3m giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
    • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong> Chi ti\u1ebft cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1eebng getter v\u00e0 setter ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a chi ti\u1ebft. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd17 Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i 3: C\u00e1c M\u1ed1i Quan H\u1ec7 L\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1eb3ng \u0110\u01a1n Gi\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n

      S\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ed9p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Trong UML 2.5 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa Association, Aggregation v\u00e0 Composition. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. \u26a0\ufe0f<\/p>\n

      Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u: Nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

      Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ba kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/th>\n\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t H\u1ecdc sinh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 – b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn (chia s\u1ebb)<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Ph\u00f2ng ban c\u00f3 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 – b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn (\u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n)<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 Ph\u00f2ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean tam gi\u00e1c<\/td>\nK\u1ebf th\u1eeba (L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t)<\/td>\nXe h\u01a1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean g\u1ea1ch ngang<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\nB\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa T\u1ed4 H\u1ee2P v\u00e0 TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ea6N. Trong T\u1ed4 H\u1ee2P, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu Ph\u00f2ng ban tan r\u00e3, c\u00e1c Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Trong TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ea6N, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, c\u00e1c Ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn logic tri\u1ec3n khai sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udccf Nghi\u00eam th\u1ee9c 4: \u0110a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n

      \u0110a d\u1ea1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2. Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t? M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u? Kh\u00f4ng-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u? Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ed7i t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c null n\u1ebfu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. \ud83d\udcc9<\/p>\n

      K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • 0..1:<\/strong>T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
      • 1..1:<\/strong>B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
      • 1..*:<\/strong>B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
      • 0..*:<\/strong>T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        B\u1ecf qua b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t H\u1ed3 s\u01a1, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng logic ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. B\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

        \ud83e\udde9 Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i 5: UML ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn<\/h2>\n

        C\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quy m\u00f4 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi m\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Khi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi m\u00f4 v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5. \ud83d\udce6<\/p>\n

        Trong c\u00e1c ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1eabu m\u00e3 ‘m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n’ n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhau theo c\u00e1ch v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Chi ph\u00ed v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i 6: C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thay th\u1ebf t\u01b0 duy<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u0169, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang t\u01b0, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. \ud83e\udd16<\/p>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m logic kh\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. D\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n kh\u1ecfi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf t\u1eadp tin \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

        \ud83c\udfa8 Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i 7: C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy c\u1eadp (public, private, protected) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c public th\u00e0nh private l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \ud83d\udea7<\/p>\n

        Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • C\u00f4ng khai:<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbp n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Giao di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
        • Ri\u00eang t\u01b0:<\/strong>Chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. \u1ea8n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
        • B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          L\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i. N\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f4ng khai qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ‘c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u’ thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n khi vi ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd04 Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i 8: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h2>\n

          C\u00f3 l\u1ebd huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd xong, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Khi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ‘s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3’ n\u01a1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \ud83d\udcc9<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1eefu \u00edch:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. G\u1eedi thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
          • Xem x\u00e9t:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 so v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ed7i. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f4i khi, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            \ud83e\udde0 L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n

            Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai. \ud83e\udd1d<\/p>\n

            Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ean in nghi\u00eang. Giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u <<interface>>. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udcc9 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h2>\n

            Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp t\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00ean gi\u1eef \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong khi l\u1edbp h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c l\u1edbp theo l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh dung r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/p>\n

            Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean mong manh. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

            \u2705 Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. N\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m xung quanh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u01a1n trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. M\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro. \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. T\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c trong chi ti\u1ebft. Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi hoa m\u1ef9, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c quan. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (UML) v\u1eabn l\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":96,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m: S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,7],"class_list":["post-95","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-class-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nPh\u00e1 b\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m: S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML. 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