{"id":389,"date":"2026-04-01T13:46:26","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T13:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/optimizing-database-schemas-uml-class-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T13:46:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T13:46:26","slug":"optimizing-database-schemas-uml-class-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/optimizing-database-schemas-uml-class-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o. Khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u00e9m, chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u0103ng l\u00ean, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng SQL duy nh\u1ea5t. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan h\u1ec7, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

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\"Infographic<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

T\u1ea1i sao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c thi, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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  • S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 t\u00eanUser<\/code>tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 t\u00eanusers<\/code>. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong l\u1edbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

    2. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh UML c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0String<\/code>, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nhVARCHAR<\/code>, TEXT<\/code>, ho\u1eb7cCHAR<\/code> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

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    • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. Trong UML, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng +id<\/code> ho\u1eb7c +PK<\/code>. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh PRIMARY KEY<\/code>.<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong> C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng khai \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp, trong khi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      3. C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef logic trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t (triggers), th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

      \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 sang kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb (cardinality) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu<\/code>.<\/p>\n

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      • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong> Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong hai b\u1ea3ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 ph\u00eda t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (n\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c) s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
      • T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a:<\/strong> C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (join).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng ph\u00eda “nhi\u1ec1u” (b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code>).<\/li>\n
        • T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n

          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t Sinh vi\u00ean<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/code>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Sinh vi\u00ean<\/code>.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft (b\u1ea3ng trung gian) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
          • T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3ng trung gian c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c tra c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML<\/th>\nTri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/th>\nL\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            M\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t<\/td>\n1..1 \u2014- 1..1<\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng<\/td>\nXem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy c\u1eadp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            M\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u<\/td>\n1 \u2014- * <\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng “nhi\u1ec1u”<\/td>\nT\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u<\/td>\n* \u2014- *<\/td>\nB\u1ea3ng trung gian k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/td>\nT\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong UML \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

            Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. Trong khi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

            D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF)<\/h3>\n

            T\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef UML, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u01b0u tr\u1eef danh s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1eeb khi ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
            • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> Thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01a1n phone_numbers<\/code> l\u01b0u tr\u1eef [123, 456]<\/code>, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ri\u00eang Phone<\/code> l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF)<\/h3>\n

              T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

              D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF)<\/h3>\n

              C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh A x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh B, v\u00e0 B x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh C, th\u00ec A x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh C. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n B sang l\u1edbp ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu B kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              M\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/th>\nQuy t\u1eafc<\/th>\nT\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn UML<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              1NF<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/td>\nT\u00e1ch c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh danh s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              2NF<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/td>\nC\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1eadp con c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              3NF<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u<\/td>\nT\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Xem x\u00e9t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u2699\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • M\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy xu\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, n\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
              • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm.<\/li>\n
              • Phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi, vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng INT<\/code> thay v\u00ec STRING<\/code> cho c\u00e1c ID. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DATE<\/code> thay v\u00ec STRING<\/code> cho c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u274c<\/h2>\n

                Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh UML r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u1ed7i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang SQL. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

                1. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p JOIN li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m b\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                2. B\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 r\u1ed7ng<\/h3>\n

                C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong UML th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nhNOT NULL<\/code> r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed7ng.<\/p>\n

                3. Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n<\/h3>\n

                M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 L\u1edbp A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o L\u1edbp B, L\u1edbp B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o L\u1edbp C, v\u00e0 L\u1edbp C l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o L\u1edbp A. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ed7i tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n. H\u00e3y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                4. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/h3>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5nguser_id<\/code> trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0UserId<\/code> trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 snake_case cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

                Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp UML ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
                • T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/li>\n
                • Chu k\u1ef3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean r\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 so v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh UML hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic.<\/li>\n
                • T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                  M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong>Bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n
                  • Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
                  • Si\u00eau d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00fa t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch pha gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    C\u00e1c m\u1eabu quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e2ng cao \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

                    Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                    Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0110a h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

                    Khi m\u1ed9t Xe<\/code> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con nh\u01b0 \u00d4 t\u00f4<\/code> v\u00e0 Xe t\u1ea3i<\/code>, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y theo ba c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • B\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc nhanh nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t th\u01b0a th\u1edbt.<\/li>\n
                    • B\u1ea3ng l\u1edbp:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
                    • B\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

                      C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n-t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ea1nh (n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3a). T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu y\u1ebfu. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc x\u00f3a theo chu\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ea1nh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t X\u00d3A THEO CHU\u1ed6I<\/code> cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                      • Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu y\u1ebfu:<\/strong> Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0110\u1eb6T NULL<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

                        T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 then ch\u1ed1t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00fat c\u1ed5 chai v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                        Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh thay v\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n, truy v\u1ea5n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sau n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                        Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":390,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML. 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N\u00e2ng cao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/optimizing-database-schemas-uml-class-diagrams\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML. 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