{"id":185,"date":"2026-03-28T15:49:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T15:49:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/art-of-abstraction-component-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T15:49:43","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T15:49:43","slug":"art-of-abstraction-component-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/art-of-abstraction-component-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. Khi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 sang ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng logic. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00fat lui v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u1ed1n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ea1ng h\u1ed9p \u0111en c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o c\u00fa ph\u00e1p. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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\"Cute<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n modular, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, bao b\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u00e2y n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda sau t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong khi l\u1edbp l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c module b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con modular, giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ean bi\u1ebfn. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ea1i sao tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

    Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

    Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

    B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c logic li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 backend, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n frontend, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed QA v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 backend hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 frontend mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eebng d\u00f2ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u API.<\/p>\n

    Cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song<\/h3>\n

    Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n minh b\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed9i A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4-\u0111un x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c trong khi \u0110\u1ed9i B x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng giao di\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/th>\nBi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/th>\nCh\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 tab<\/td>\nBi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng modular.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Giao di\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/td>\nV\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n (k\u1eb9o m\u00fat) ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    C\u1ed5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    B\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\nHi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd itself, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 n\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \ud83e\udd1d<\/h2>\n

    Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a giao di\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p:<\/strong>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 g\u00ec cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9tTruy v\u1ea5n<\/code>giao di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
    • Giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 g\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng? V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9tTruy c\u1eadpD\u1eefLi\u1ec7u<\/code>giao di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

      Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83d\udccf<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

      Ch\u1ecdn thang \u0111o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

      \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 “\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn” duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con ch\u00ednh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, Thanh to\u00e1n, B\u00e1o c\u00e1o).<\/li>\n
      • C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con:<\/strong>Chia nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un logic (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong Thanh to\u00e1n: T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n, Thanh to\u00e1n, Ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n).<\/li>\n
      • C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4-\u0111un:<\/strong>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n: T\u00ednh thu\u1ebf, T\u1ea1o PDF).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. \u0110i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con d\u00e0nh cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00f4-\u0111un cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u2705<\/h2>\n

        T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1eefu \u00edch l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 thay v\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

        1. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h3>\n

        Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n theo c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ec7p tin. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u201cJavaService.java\u201d. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cPaymentProcessor\u201d (B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n). C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kinh doanh v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

        2. Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/h3>\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cUserAuth\u201d trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cAuthenticationService\u201d trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        3. Duy tr\u00ec c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c an to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

        4. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/h3>\n

        Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i ch\u00e9o qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh “b\u00e1nh m\u00ec x\u00e0o” l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c. H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chia nh\u1ecf n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc b\u1eaby khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cao.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong> C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1eebng l\u1edbp ri\u00eang l\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m logic.<\/li>\n
        • B\u1ecf qua lu\u1ed3ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 ra tin nh\u1eafn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c lu\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
        • \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p t\u0129nh:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u0129nh. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 \u00e9p n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. D\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic lu\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n
        • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p \u00fd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 g\u00f3p \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h3>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, h\u00e3y v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb s\u1edbm. Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c refactoring m\u00e3 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169<\/h3>\n

          Khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd n\u00ean xem qua. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 tinh th\u1ea7n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e3 m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

          T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169<\/h3>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n nh\u1edb m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 gi\u00fap kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c module g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

          \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

          L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0110\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>H\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xem h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
          • Th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m \u0111i.<\/li>\n
          • T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \ud83c\udf0d<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft; ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

            Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Microservices<\/h3>\n

            Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac microservices, m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua API ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i tin nh\u1eafn. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf API<\/h3>\n

            Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf API cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 API tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/p>\n

            Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y<\/h3>\n

            Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i sang c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00fap l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c module n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf s\u00f3t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

            Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1eefu \u00edch. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 thao t\u00e1c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng ngang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho giao ti\u1ebfp k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

            B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. Khi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":186,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,8],"class_list":["post-185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-component-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. 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