![\"Whimsical](\"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/whimsical-academic-component-diagram-pitfalls-infographic.jpg\"\/)
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n1. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft (granularity) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd che khu\u1ea5t logic b\u00ean trong. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 h\u1eb9p, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao.<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/h3>\n\n- Qu\u00e1 c\u1ea5p cao:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d hay \u201cC\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. N\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
- Qu\u00e1 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c hay l\u1edbp ri\u00eang l\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
- M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng logic. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cD\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u201cForm \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\u201d hay \u201cTo\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh module c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
2. Sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a giao di\u1ec7n \ud83d\udd0c<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n\n- Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o (lollipop) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 <<cung c\u1ea5p>>.<\/li>\n
- Giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ed5 c\u1eafm ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 <<y\u00eau c\u1ea7u>>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
Khi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai l\u00e0 sai v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a UML.<\/p>\n
3. H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/h3>\n\n- T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> M\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5) \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda cung c\u1ea5p (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5).<\/li>\n
- Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/strong> V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng x\u1ea3y ra khi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B, v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u1eb9t v\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
\n- T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
- H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec t\u00ednh modular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan. C\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
T\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n\n- Nh\u00e3n chung:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n 1\u201d, \u201cModule A\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u201cModule thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/li>\n
- T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u201cService\u201d cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eebng d\u00f9ng \u201cManager\u201d cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
T\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n n\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Thay v\u00ec \u201cInterface 1\u201d, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng \u201cDataAccessInterface\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
5. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n- Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
- T\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
- K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n\n- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n con c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1, 1 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tam gi\u00e1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a) tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba giao di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
6. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n\n- H\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ranh gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c (g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng) thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/h3>\n
Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘b\u00e1nh m\u00ec x\u00e0o’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n
\n\n\nLo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/th>\n S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n\n\u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft; m\u1ea5t \u0111i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/td>\n Gom c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nGiao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n Che gi\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng; l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n Ch\u00e8n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ed5 c\u1eafm giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb Client \u0111\u1ebfn Supplier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/td>\n T\u00ean chung nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n A\u201d<\/td>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cModule X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng) cho giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nB\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/td>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i<\/td>\n Kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng logic<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n7. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u2705<\/h2>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed9p lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
\n- \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (b\u00f4ng hoa, \u1ed5 c\u1eafm, h\u00ecnh thoi) c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: UML 2.x) kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc khi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
8. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, trong khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 l\u00fd do.<\/p>\n
Tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
Lu\u00f4n tham chi\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00ecnh 1 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp logic kinh doanh.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1eafp th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n
N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb xa ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n giao th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t socket m\u1ea1ng thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
X\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch: \u201cL\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.\u201d<\/p>\n
9. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \ud83c\udf93<\/h2>\n
T\u00ednh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n\n- Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng ‘t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n’ so v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n
- N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eebng byte, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Microservices, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n
10. Ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
\n- Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng (stereotypes):<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng <<component>> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, hay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (multiplicity):<\/strong>C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1, 0..*, 1..*) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai so v\u1edbi ri\u00eang t\u01b0, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n (+, -, #) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 300 DPI) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong b\u1ea3n n\u1ed9p h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trang tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n UML cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,8],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-component-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n
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H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh module c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
2. Sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a giao di\u1ec7n \ud83d\udd0c<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n\n- Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o (lollipop) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 <<cung c\u1ea5p>>.<\/li>\n
- Giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ed5 c\u1eafm ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 <<y\u00eau c\u1ea7u>>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
Khi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai l\u00e0 sai v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a UML.<\/p>\n
3. H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/h3>\n\n- T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> M\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5) \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda cung c\u1ea5p (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5).<\/li>\n
- Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/strong> V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng x\u1ea3y ra khi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B, v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u1eb9t v\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
\n- T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
- H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec t\u00ednh modular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan. C\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
T\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n\n- Nh\u00e3n chung:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n 1\u201d, \u201cModule A\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u201cModule thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/li>\n
- T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u201cService\u201d cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eebng d\u00f9ng \u201cManager\u201d cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
T\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n n\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Thay v\u00ec \u201cInterface 1\u201d, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng \u201cDataAccessInterface\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
5. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n- Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
- T\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
- K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n\n- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n con c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1, 1 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tam gi\u00e1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a) tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba giao di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
6. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n\n- H\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ranh gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c (g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng) thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/h3>\n
Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘b\u00e1nh m\u00ec x\u00e0o’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n
\n\n\nLo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/th>\n S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n\n\u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft; m\u1ea5t \u0111i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/td>\n Gom c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nGiao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n Che gi\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng; l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n Ch\u00e8n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ed5 c\u1eafm giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb Client \u0111\u1ebfn Supplier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/td>\n T\u00ean chung nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n A\u201d<\/td>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cModule X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng) cho giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nB\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/td>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i<\/td>\n Kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng logic<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n7. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u2705<\/h2>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed9p lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
\n- \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (b\u00f4ng hoa, \u1ed5 c\u1eafm, h\u00ecnh thoi) c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: UML 2.x) kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc khi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
8. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, trong khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 l\u00fd do.<\/p>\n
Tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
Lu\u00f4n tham chi\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00ecnh 1 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp logic kinh doanh.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1eafp th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n
N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb xa ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n giao th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t socket m\u1ea1ng thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
X\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch: \u201cL\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.\u201d<\/p>\n
9. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \ud83c\udf93<\/h2>\n
T\u00ednh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n\n- Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng ‘t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n’ so v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n
- N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eebng byte, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Microservices, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n
10. Ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
\n- Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng (stereotypes):<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng <<component>> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, hay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (multiplicity):<\/strong>C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1, 0..*, 1..*) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai so v\u1edbi ri\u00eang t\u01b0, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n (+, -, #) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 300 DPI) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong b\u1ea3n n\u1ed9p h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trang tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n UML cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,8],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-component-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n
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Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
Khi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai l\u00e0 sai v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a UML.<\/p>\n
3. H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/h3>\n\n- T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> M\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5) \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda cung c\u1ea5p (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5).<\/li>\n
- Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/strong> V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng x\u1ea3y ra khi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B, v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u1eb9t v\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
\n- T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
- H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec t\u00ednh modular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan. C\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
T\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n\n- Nh\u00e3n chung:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n 1\u201d, \u201cModule A\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u201cModule thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/li>\n
- T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u201cService\u201d cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eebng d\u00f9ng \u201cManager\u201d cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
T\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n n\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Thay v\u00ec \u201cInterface 1\u201d, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng \u201cDataAccessInterface\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
5. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n- Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
- T\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
- K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n\n- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n con c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1, 1 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tam gi\u00e1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a) tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba giao di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
6. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n\n- H\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ranh gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c (g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng) thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/h3>\n
Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘b\u00e1nh m\u00ec x\u00e0o’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n
\n\n\nLo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/th>\n S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n\n\u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft; m\u1ea5t \u0111i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/td>\n Gom c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nGiao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n Che gi\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng; l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n Ch\u00e8n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ed5 c\u1eafm giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb Client \u0111\u1ebfn Supplier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/td>\n T\u00ean chung nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n A\u201d<\/td>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cModule X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng) cho giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nB\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/td>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i<\/td>\n Kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng logic<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n7. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u2705<\/h2>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed9p lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
\n- \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (b\u00f4ng hoa, \u1ed5 c\u1eafm, h\u00ecnh thoi) c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: UML 2.x) kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc khi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
8. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, trong khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 l\u00fd do.<\/p>\n
Tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
Lu\u00f4n tham chi\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00ecnh 1 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp logic kinh doanh.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1eafp th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n
N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb xa ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n giao th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t socket m\u1ea1ng thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
X\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch: \u201cL\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.\u201d<\/p>\n
9. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \ud83c\udf93<\/h2>\n
T\u00ednh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n\n- Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng ‘t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n’ so v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n
- N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eebng byte, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Microservices, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n
10. Ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
\n- Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng (stereotypes):<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng <<component>> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, hay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (multiplicity):<\/strong>C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1, 0..*, 1..*) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai so v\u1edbi ri\u00eang t\u01b0, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n (+, -, #) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 300 DPI) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong b\u1ea3n n\u1ed9p h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trang tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n UML cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,8],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-component-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n
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Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng x\u1ea3y ra khi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B, v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n A. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u1eb9t v\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
- \n
- T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
- H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec t\u00ednh modular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan. C\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
T\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Nh\u00e3n chung:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n 1\u201d, \u201cModule A\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u201cModule thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/li>\n
- T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u201cService\u201d cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eebng d\u00f9ng \u201cManager\u201d cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
T\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n n\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Thay v\u00ec \u201cInterface 1\u201d, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng \u201cDataAccessInterface\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
5. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
- T\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
- K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
- \n
- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n con c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1, 1 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tam gi\u00e1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a) tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba giao di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
6. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n
- \n
- H\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ranh gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c (g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng) thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/h3>\n
Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘b\u00e1nh m\u00ec x\u00e0o’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n
\n\n
\n \nLo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/th>\n S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft; m\u1ea5t \u0111i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/td>\n Gom c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n Che gi\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng; l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n Ch\u00e8n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ed5 c\u1eafm giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb Client \u0111\u1ebfn Supplier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/td>\n T\u00ean chung nh\u01b0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n A\u201d<\/td>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cModule X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng) cho giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/td>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9o nhau \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i<\/td>\n Kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng logic<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n 7. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u2705<\/h2>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed9p lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (b\u00f4ng hoa, \u1ed5 c\u1eafm, h\u00ecnh thoi) c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: UML 2.x) kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc khi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
8. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, trong khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 l\u00fd do.<\/p>\n
Tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
Lu\u00f4n tham chi\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00ecnh 1 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp logic kinh doanh.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1eafp th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n
N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb xa ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n giao th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t socket m\u1ea1ng thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
X\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch: \u201cL\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.\u201d<\/p>\n
9. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \ud83c\udf93<\/h2>\n
T\u00ednh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng ‘t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n’ so v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n
- N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eebng byte, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Microservices, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n
10. Ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng (stereotypes):<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng <<component>> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, hay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (multiplicity):<\/strong>C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1, 0..*, 1..*) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai so v\u1edbi ri\u00eang t\u01b0, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n (+, -, #) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 300 DPI) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong b\u1ea3n n\u1ed9p h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trang tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n UML cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,8],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-component-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n
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- Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng (stereotypes):<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng <<component>> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, hay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7?<\/li>\n
- Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ranh gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1, 1 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- T\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
- Nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u201cModule thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/li>\n
- H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec t\u00ednh modular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n