{"id":115,"date":"2026-04-02T16:48:23","date_gmt":"2026-04-02T16:48:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/cross-platform-class-diagram-notation-comparison\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T16:48:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T16:48:23","slug":"cross-platform-class-diagram-notation-comparison","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-notes.com\/vn\/cross-platform-class-diagram-notation-comparison\/","title":{"rendered":"So s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c quan. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

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\"Sketch-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 h\u1ed9p l\u1edbp. H\u1ed9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ng\u0103n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 ba khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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  • T\u00ean l\u1edbp:<\/strong> Ng\u0103n tr\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> Ng\u0103n gi\u1eefa li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
  • Thao t\u00e1c:<\/strong> Ng\u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, c\u00fa ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c quan l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u1edbp \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n

    Ch\u00ednh h\u1ed9p l\u1edbp l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh trong so s\u00e1nh. C\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

    Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng \ud83d\udd12<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

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    • C\u00f4ng khai (+):<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbp n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
    • Ri\u00eang t\u01b0 (-):<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
    • B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (#):<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
    • G\u00f3i (~):<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c c\u00fa ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u g\u00f5 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0, trong khi nh\u1eefng quy \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m trong h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

      Thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00fa ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

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      • T\u00ean:<\/strong> L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
      • Tham s\u1ed1:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
      • Ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 cao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phong c\u00e1ch li\u1ec7t k\u00ea tham s\u1ed1 trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n ngay sau t\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u00ean v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u hai ch\u1ea5m. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n khi li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

        Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c l\u1edbp hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sai s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

        Li\u00ean k\u1ebft so v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp gi\u1eef tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 1, 0..1, ho\u1eb7c *.<\/li>\n
        • Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u1edf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n. Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

          K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

          K\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. L\u1edbp con k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb l\u1edbp cha. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cha b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

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          • T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n, tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
          • K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n, h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cha.<\/li>\n
          • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n, h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf. G\u00f3c c\u1ee7a tam gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh thoi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn phong c\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00fa ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u1edbn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang chia s\u1ebb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung, nh\u01b0ng quy t\u1eafc c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nUML 2.x chu\u1ea9n<\/th>\nC\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/th>\nC\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp<\/td>\n+<\/code>, -<\/code>, #<\/code><\/td>\n+<\/code>, -<\/code>, #<\/code>(th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng)<\/td>\nNh\u00e3n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (C\u00f4ng khai, Ri\u00eang t\u01b0)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t<\/td>\nLi\u1ec1n, G\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5m, M\u0169i t\u00ean m\u1edf, Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y<\/td>\nK\u00fd t\u1ef1 ASCII (-, \u2013>, *\u2013)<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/td>\nKhu v\u1ef1c trong h\u1ed9p<\/td>\nDanh s\u00e1ch trong kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3<\/td>\nB\u1ea3ng b\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/td>\nCao (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh)<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh (Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00fa ph\u00e1p)<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (H\u01a1i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/td>\nKh\u00f3 kh\u0103n (Nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n\/\u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ecb)<\/td>\nD\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng (D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n)<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u0103n b\u1ea3n mang l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

            C\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u0103n b\u1ea3n so v\u1edbi c\u00fa ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

            Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan. Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c c\u00fa ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong kho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>D\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
            • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>Kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ef1c quan th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c c\u00fa ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>Th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
              • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy sang d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho ph\u00e9p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00e3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ghi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft tr\u1ef1c quan cho c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn \ud83c\udf10<\/h2>\n

                Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i suy di\u1ec5n \u00fd ngh\u0129a ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef.<\/li>\n
                • Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch:<\/strong>Duy tr\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5t l\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u1ed3ng nhau.<\/li>\n
                • T\u00ean:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng camelCase cho thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, PascalCase cho l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
                • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n m\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u logic. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb hay lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb sai kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ra lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

                  Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, l\u1ed7i v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Tr\u1ed9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML 1.x trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML 2.x g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Quy t\u1eafc b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n
                  • Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                  • L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> Qu\u00ean in nghi\u00eang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
                  • Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00eda sau. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng sai. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean n\u1ebfu b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n

                    Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

                    B\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u1ebd th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng sang k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eabn d\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • T\u1ea1o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u00e3 khung tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
                    • K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
                    • H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng quy tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

                      \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

                      Khi so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 nhau, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c sang k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
                      • \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u00f3m.<\/li>\n
                      • X\u00e1c minh:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a thay v\u00ec phong c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                        Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc \u2728<\/h2>\n

                        T\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p l\u1edbp h\u1eb9p. N\u1ebfu danh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh d\u00e0i, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chia l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
                        • Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean quan:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft. C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i.<\/li>\n
                        • Ph\u00f4ng ch\u1eef nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd ph\u00f4ng ch\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n
                        • M\u00e3 m\u00e0u:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac thay v\u00ec b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n

                          K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n

                          Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o duy nh\u1ea5t. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00fa ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn phong c\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc. Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo th\u1eddi gian. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                          Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. \u01afu ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thay v\u00ec c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00f3. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c xuy\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u01a1n tru.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c quan. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":116,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn so s\u00e1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n UML, quy t\u1eafc c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,7],"class_list":["post-115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-class-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn so s\u00e1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. 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